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AIDS Medical Glossary and Drug Chart
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Definitions are given by the full name of the term or generic
name of the drug, not by the abbreviation or brand name. For example,
the definition of KS will be found under Kaposi's Sarcoma. The
only abbreviations commonly used within definitions are HIV, AIDS,
RNA, DNA, and FDA.
Terms used that are defined elsewhere in the Glossary are in CAPITALS.
The drug chart lists alternative names for commonly prescribed
medications.
3TC: see LAMIVUDINE.
5-FC: see FLUCYTOSINE.
A
Abacavir (Ziagen, ABC): a NUCLEOSIDE ANALOG or
NRTI made by GlaxoSmithKline. Abacavir is one of the three component
drugs in TRIZIVZIR. Life-threatening allergic reaction can occur
in three to five percent of people who are starting abacavir.
Abelcet: see AMPHOTERICIN B.
Accelerated Approval: expedited FOOD AND DRUG
ADMINISTRATION (FDA) approval of a new treatment based on early
SURROGATE MARKER data from clinical studies. The purpose of accelerated
approval is to hasten the availability of new drugs for serious
or life-threatening conditions.
Acemannan (Carrisyn): the potentially active
ingredient in aloe vera juice. A few IN VITRO studies have suggested
that acemannan has activity against HIV and also up-regulates CELL-MEDIATED
IMMUNITY.
Acetaminophen (Tylenol): a synthetic drug that
reduces fever and pain. It is often found in cold and flu medications.
Acidophilus: BACTERIA found in yogurt that may
help restore a supportive bacterial environment in an intestinal
tract if the normal intestinal bacterial population ("flora")
has been disturbed by disease or ANTIBIOTICS. Ingesting acidophilus
also may be useful in preventing CANDIDIASIS (THRUSH), including
in the vagina.
Acquired Immune Response: see IMMUNE SYSTEM.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS): the
late stage of the illness triggered by infection with HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY
VIRUS (HIV). According to the official definition published by
the CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL (CDC), a person receives an AIDS
diagnosis when he or she has a CD4 CELL COUNT of less than 200
and/or certain OPPORTUNISTIC CONDITIONS common with advanced IMMUNE
DEFICIENCY (see AIDS-DEFINING ILLNESS).
AACTG: see ADULT AIDS CLINICAL TRIALS GROUP.
Activated CD4 Cells: CD4 CELLS that have come
in contact with an ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELL and are dividing. Compare
RESTING CD4 CELLS.
Activity: the ability of a drug to control or
inhibit a PATHOGEN. Activity may be determined in the laboratory
and differs from EFFICACY, which is the ability of a treatment
to alter the course of clinical disease.
Activity Study: a study or trial that tests the
ACTIVITY of a drug.
ACTU: see AIDS CLINICAL TRIALS UNIT.
Acupressure: a Chinese therapy that is based
on ACUPUNCTURE but uses finger pressure rather than needles. Acupressure
is used to relieve tension, stress and pain, perhaps due to the
release of endorphins.
Acupuncture: A Chinese therapy that uses needles
to press energy ("chi") points on the body's surface.
It may be useful as a means to reduce pain, to aid in quitting
smoking or to treat alcoholism and drug abuse.
Acute: refers to intense, short-term symptoms
or illnesses that either resolve or evolve into long-lasting, CHRONIC
disease manifestations.
Acute HIV Infection: see PRIMARY HIV INFECTION.
Acyclovir (Zovirax): an ANTIVIRAL drug used in
the treatment of herpes simplex virus 1 (fever blisters, cold sores),
herpes simplex virus 2 (genital herpes) and herpes zoster (SHINGLES).
(See HERPES VIRUS.) Acyclovir comes in the form of capsules or
pills, ointment or injection. Acyclovir causes few SIDE EFFECTS,
occasionally nausea, vomiting or headaches.
ADAP: see AIDS DRUG ASSISTANCE PROGRAM.
ADC: see AIDS DEMENTIA COMPLEX.
ADCC: see ANTIBODY-DEPENDENT CELL-MEDIATED CYTOTOXICITY.
Adefovir Dipivoxil (Hepsera, bis-POM PMEA): a
NUCLEOTIDE ANALOG made by Gilead Sciences, approved to treat HEPATITIS
B infection. A program to develop a higher dose of adefovir for
the treatment of HIV was halted due to NEPHROTOXICITY.
Adenine: one of the four bases of RNA (which
also includes CYTOSINE, GUANINE and URACIL) and DNA (which also
includes cytosine, guanine and THYMINE).
Adenopathy: an enlargement of the LYMPH NODES
or other glands.
Adenosine: a NUCLEOSIDE of ADENINE. DIDANOSINE
(ddI) is an ANALOG of adenosine.
Adenovirus: a group of VIRUSES that causes upper
respiratory tract infections, including the common cold, as well
as gastrointestinal and eye infections.
Adherence: the degree to which a patient sticks
to a schedule for taking medicines. Non-adherence may lead to drug
RESISTANCE. A synonym for compliance.
Adipocyte: a cell that makes up fat tissue.
Adipogenesis: a process by which STEM CELLS mature
into ADIPOCYTES, or fat cells.
Adipose: fat.
Adjuvant: in VACCINES, a substance added to increase
the IMMUNE RESPONSE to the ANTIGEN.
Adjuvant Therapy: a secondary therapy that is
intended to improve the outcome of primary therapy. For example,
after removing a cancerous tumor (primary therapy), CHEMOTHERAPY
is often used as adjuvant therapy.
Administration: the way in which a drug is taken,
e.g., orally or by injection.
Adrenal Glands: a pair of glands located on the
kidneys. The adrenal glands secrete steroid hormones, CORTISOL
and adrenaline.
Adriamycin: see DOXORUBICIN.
Advanced HIV Infection: see ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY
SYNDROME.
Adverse Event: a toxic reaction to a medical
therapy. These can be mild (headache, drowsiness) to severe (kidney
or liver failure, seizures, PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY). Also see SIDE
EFFECT.
Adverse Reaction: see ADVERSE EVENT.
Aerosolized: a form of a drug that has been made
into a fine mist for inhalation.
Affective: relating to psychological mood.
Affective Illness: a condition that affects moods,
e.g., DEPRESSION.
Agenerase: see AMPRENAVIR.
Agonist: (1) A drug or other substance that enhances
the effect of another drug or substance; (2) an agent that promotes
cellular activity by binding to a CELL SURFACE RECEPTOR. Compare
to ANTAGONIST.
AIDS: see ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME.
AIDS Clinical Trials Unit (ACTU): a site at which
AIDS drug CLINICAL TRIALS, sponsored by the NATIONAL INSTITUTE
OF ALLERGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES (NIAID), are performed.
Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group (AACTG): a network
of medical centers around the country in which federally funded
CLINICAL TRIALS are conducted to test the safety and effectiveness
of treatments for HIV infection and its complications. ACTG studies
are sponsored by the NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ALLERGY AND INFECTIOUS
DISEASES (NIAID), a branch of the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH
(NIH). See also: Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group
(PACTG)
AIDS-Defining Illness: one of the serious illnesses
that occurs in HIV-positive individuals and a reason for an AIDS
diagnosis according to the CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL's definition
of AIDS. Among these conditions are PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII PNEUMONIA
(PCP), MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM COMPLEX (MAC), AIDS DEMENTIA
COMPLEX, AIDS WASTING SYNDROME, invasive cervical cancer and KAPOSI'S
SARCOMA (KS).
AIDS Dementia Complex (ADC): a brain disorder
in people with AIDS that results in the loss of cognitive capacity,
affecting the ability to function in a social or occupational setting.
Its cause has not been determined exactly, but may result from
HIV infection of cells in the brain or an inflammatory reaction
to HIV infection.
AIDS Drug Assistance Program (ADAP): ADAPs serve
people with HIV/AIDS who are uninsured or underinsured, including
those who are not disabled and, therefore, ineligible for programs
like Medicaid. ADAPs are authorized by the RYAN WHITE CARE ACT.
Federal funding goes to states, which use a portion of the money
to provide HIV/AIDS drugs, including PROPHYLAXIS and treatments
of OPPORTUNISTIC CONDITIONS, to those who cannot otherwise afford
the medications.
AIDS-Related Complex (ARC): an archaic term for
a stage before AIDS, with symptoms such as swollen LYMPH NODES,
long-lasting night sweats, fevers and unusual weight loss. Also
commonly called symptomatic HIV infection. The term is no longer
officially recognized by the CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL.
AIDS-Related Wasting: see WASTING SYNDROME.
a-IFN: see ALPHA INTERFERON.
Alanine Aminotransaminase (ALT): a liver ENZYME,
like ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSAMINASE, that plays a role in PROTEIN
METABOLISM. Elevated SERUM levels of ALT are a sign of liver damage
from disease or drugs. ALT is also known as serum glutamic pyruvic
transaminase (SGPT).
Albendazole (Albenza): an approved treatment
for two types of tapeworm larvae, which has been proposed as a
treatment for MICROSPORIDIOSIS. The drug works by inhibiting cellular
movement. Albendazole frequently impairs liver function and occasionally
produces life-threatening reductions in total white blood cell
(LEUKOCYTE) count.
Albenza: see ALBENDAZOLE.
Alfa Interferon: see ALPHA INTERFERON.
Alkaline Phosphatase: an ENZYME produced in the
liver as well as in bone and other tissues. Elevated SERUM levels
of the enzyme are indicative of liver disease, BILE DUCT obstruction
in particular.
Allele: an alternate form of a specific GENE
on a chromosome. Each allele is an individual member of a gene
pair and is inherited from one parent.
Alopecia: hair loss.
Alpha Interferon (alfa-IFN, Roferon, Intron A, Pegasys,
PEG-Intron): 1) a substance secreted by virally infected
cells that strengthens the defenses of nearby uninfected cells.
2) alfa-IFN is an approved treatment for KAPOSI'S SARCOMA, HEPATITIS
B and HEPATITIS C. Also see INTERFERON, PEGYLATED INTERFERON.
ALT: see ALANINE AMINOTRANSAMINASE.
Alternative Medicine: a catch-all phrase for
a long list of treatments or medicinal systems, including traditional
systems such as Chinese or Ayurvedic medicine as well as homeopathy,
various herbal and many other miscellaneous treatments that have
not been accepted by the mainstream, or Western, medical establishment.
Alternative medicine may also be referred to as COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE.
The designation alternative medicine is not equivalent to HOLISTIC
MEDICINE.
Ambien: see ZOLPIDEM.
Ambulatory: the ability to walk or move about
unaided. Ambulatory care usually refers to outpatient medical care,
and an ambulatory patient is one who is not bedridden.
Amdoxovir: an experimental NUCLEOSIDE ANALOG
from Gilead Sciences.
Amebiasis: see AMOEBIASIS.
Amenorrhea: a temporary or permanent suppression
of menstruation.
Amino Acid: any of the nitrogen-containing ORGANIC
MOLECULES that are the building blocks for PROTEINS. The human
body uses 20 of the 80 amino acids found in nature.
Amitriptyline (Elavil): a TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT
that is also sometimes used to treat pain.
Amoebiasis: a parasitic intestinal infection
caused by tiny unicellular microorganisms called amoebas. Symptoms
include diarrhea, bloating and abdominal pain. Also called amebiasis.
Amphotericin B (Fungizone, Abelcet, AmBisome): an
INTRAVENOUS drug for treatment of CRYPTOCOCCAL MENINGITIS, CANDIDIASIS,
HISTOPLASMOSIS and coccidiomycosis and other fungal infections.
TOXICITIES are severe and include fevers, chills, headache, ANOREXIA,
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, kidney damage and NEUTROPENIA. LIPID-complexed,
somewhat safer, forms of IV amphotericin B (brand names: Abelcet,
AmBisome) are available.
Amprenavir (Agenerase): a PROTEASE INHIBITOR
made by GlaxoSmithKline. It is available in capsule form or as
an oral suspension. Common ADVERSE EVENTS are nausea and vomiting.
There is also a heavy PILL BURDEN. A PRODRUG of amprenavir (see
VX-175/GW-433908) is in development and may require fewer and smaller
capsules.
Amyl Nitrate (Poppers): an inhalant that dilates
the blood vessels, producing a temporary high. It is used recreationally
to enhance sexual enjoyment. Amyl nitrate should not be used with
Viagra (SILDENAFIL CITRATE).
Amylase: a starch-splitting ENZYME secreted by
salivary glands and the pancreas to aid digestion of food. An increase
in amylase SERUM levels may indicate PANCREATITIS, a possible life-threatening
consequence of DIDANOSINE (ddI).
Anabolic: refers to metabolic processes that
build new tissue in the body. Compare CATABOLIC.
Anabolic Steroid: a synthetic STEROID used to
increase muscle mass and weight. Anabolic steroids are versions
of the natural hormone TESTOSTERONE but have fewer masculinizing,
or androgenic, effects. Anabolic steroids have been used to reverse
AIDS-related WASTING SYNDROME in men with low testosterone levels,
although long-term safety and EFFICACY of this treatment are not
known.
Anadrol: see OXYMETHOLONE.
Analgesic: both noun and adjective, refers to
a compound or therapy that reduces pain. Tylenol, aspirin and the
OPIATES are examples of analgesic drugs.
Analog (Analogue): a molecule that resembles
another molecule structurally and that can, often, be substituted
for the original. NUCLEOSIDE ANALOGS are non-functioning analogs
of molecules that HIV uses to copy its DNA.
Anaphylaxis: a severe allergic reaction to an
ANTIGEN, causing airway closure, low blood pressure and lung spasms.
In the absence of treatment, this condition ultimately leads to
life-threatening shock (collapse due to insufficient blood flow
in the body) and death. Prompt treatment with an injection of epinephrine
reverses the symptoms.
Ancobon: see FLUCYTOSINE.
Androgen: a HORMONE or synthetic substance with
masculinizing (or androgenic) effects, such as TESTOSTERONE.
Anecdotal Evidence: evidence that has not been
confirmed by controlled scientific methods, usually presented as
individual case reports.
Anemia: the incapacity of blood to transport
enough oxygen to the body's tissues. Anemia may be caused by an
abnormally low number of red blood cells or insufficient or defective
HEMOGLOBIN, the PROTEIN that carries oxygen in red blood cells.
It is a condition that is often caused by AZT (ZIDOVUDINE), as
well as by other drugs and illnesses that suppress red blood cell
production in the BONE MARROW.
Anergic: relating to the IMMUNE SYSTEM's inability
to produce a marked reaction in response to foreign ANTIGENS. For
example, HIV-infected individuals who do not react to the TUBERCULOSIS
skin test (see PURIFIED PROTEIN DERIVATIVE TEST) even though they
have contracted a tuberculosis infection are considered to be anergic.
Angiogenesis: the process of new blood vessel
growth. Tumors and KAPOSI'S SARCOMA lesions stimulate angiogenesis
to supply themselves with blood.
Anorexia: a lack or loss of appetite that leads
to significant decline in weight.
Antagonist: a characteristic of drugs when their
combined effect is less than the sum of their individual effects.
Compare AGONIST.
Antibiotic: an agent that kills or inhibits the
growth of microorganisms, especially a compound similar to those
produced by certain FUNGI for destroying BACTERIA. An antibiotic
is used to combat infection.
Antibody: a disease-fighting PROTEIN created
by the IMMUNE SYSTEM, also known as IMMUNOGLOBULIN. Antibodies
coat, mark for immune destruction or render harmless foreign matter
such as BACTERIA, VIRUSES or dangerous toxins. Antibodies also
tag virus-infected cells, making them vulnerable to attack by the
IMMUNE SYSTEM. Each antibody attaches itself to a single specific
chemical sequence (EPITOPE) in an ANTIGEN.
Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC): an
IMMUNE RESPONSE that results when ANTIBODIES attach to ANTIGENS
on the surface of a cell. The cell that is covered by the antibodies
is destroyed by white blood cells (LEUKOCYTES).
Antibody-Mediated Immunity: a type of IMMUNE
RESPONSE that involves the mobilization of B CELLS, which produce
ANTIBODIES.
Antibody Positive: the presence of ANTIBODIES
in the blood that indicates previous exposure to a particular ANTIGEN.
Antiemetic: a drug that lessens nausea and vomiting.
Antigen: a foreign substance, usually a PROTEIN
that stimulates an immune response. An antigen may have several
subunits called EPITOPES that are targets of specific ANTIBODIES
or CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTES.
Antigen Presenting Cell (APC): a cell, such as
a MACROPHAGE or DENDRITIC CELL, that digests foreign bodies and
exhibits the resulting pieces of the PROTEIN (ANTIGEN) on its surface
in an effort to find and activate the CD4 CELLS responsive to that
antigen.
Antioxidant: a substance that prevents or reverses
OXIDATION. Antioxidants are produced by the body and can be added
to the diet (e.g., VITAMINS A, C and E).
Antiretroviral (ARV): a substance that stops
or suppresses the activity of a RETROVIRUS, such as HIV. NUCLEOSIDE
ANALOGS and PROTEASE INHIBITORS are examples of antiretroviral
drugs.
Antisense Drug: a synthetic segment of DNA or
RNA that locks onto a strand of DNA or RNA with a complementary
sequence of NUCLEOTIDES. Antisense drugs are designed to block
viral genetic instructions, marking them for destruction by cellular
ENZYMES, in order to prevent the building of new VIRUS or the infection
of new cells.
Antiviral: a substance that stops or suppresses
the activity of a VIRUS, including a RETROVIRUS.
Antivirogram: a phenotypic resistance assay made
by Virco (see PHENOTYPIC ASSAY).
Anxiolytic: a drug or substance that reduces
anxiety.
APC: see ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELL.
Aphasia: the loss of ability to speak or understand
speech.
Aphthous Ulcer: a painful sore in the mouth or
esophagus of unknown cause with a deep eroded base. Aphthous ulcers
are common in people with HIV and are treated with CORTICOSTEROIDS
or THALIDOMIDE.
Apoptosis: cellular self-destruction that can
be triggered by stimulation of particular CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS.
It is a metabolic process driven by cellular ENZYMES in which the
cell's CHROMOSOMES and then the cell itself breaks down into fragments.
The IMMUNE SYSTEM can trigger apoptosis to eliminate unneeded cells.
ARC: see AIDS-RELATED COMPLEX.
Area Under the Curve (AUC): a measure of the
total exposure of a drug or total effect of a treatment during
a period of time. Defined by charting on a graph the changes in
the critical variable over a period of time and then calculating
the area between the curve and the horizontal axis (which represents
elapsed time from the start of the study). Blood levels of drug
and VIRAL LOAD during treatment are two parameters frequently quantified
by the AUC. See also TIME-AVERAGED DIFFERENCE (DAVG).
Arm: one of the groups in a CLINICAL TRIAL.
Armamentarium: the collection of treatments available
for a particular condition.
Arteriosclerosis: hardening of the arteries.
Arthralgia: joint pain.
ARV: See ANTIRETROVIRAL
As-Treated (AT) Analysis: a type of analysis
of a CLINICAL TRIAL in which only the data from those patients
who completed the study are included. Compare INTENT-TO-TREAT ANALYSIS.
Ascites: an accumulation of abdominal fluid due
to low blood albumin, which is a potential complication from CIRRHOSIS.
Ascorbate: see ASCORBIC ACID.
Ascorbic Acid: an ANTIOXIDANT used to produce
collagen (which is used for healing wounds) and strengthen connective
tissues. It may also help immune function. Deficiency leads to
scurvy. Also called ascorbate or VITAMIN C.
-ase: a suffix indicating that a substance is
an ENZYME.
Aspartate Aminotransaminase: a liver ENZYME,
like ALANINE AMINOTRANSAMINASE, that plays a role in PROTEIN METABOLISM.
Elevated SERUM levels of AST are a sign of liver damage from disease
or drugs. AST is also known as serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase
(SGOT).
Aspergillus: a FUNGUS that infects the lungs,
causing a disease known as aspergillosis. The infection can spread
through the blood to other organs and cause lesions in the skin,
ear, nasal sinuses and lungs, as well as occasionally in the bones,
MENINGES, heart, kidneys or SPLEEN.
Assay: a test.
Association: a relationship that is more than
would be expected by pure chance, but which is not necessarily
causal.
AST: see ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSAMINASE.
Asthenia: weakness, debility.
Asymptomatic: without signs or symptoms of disease
or illness.
Ataxia: lack of muscular coordination; a disorder
of gait.
Atazanavir (Reyataz): an HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR
made by Bristol-Myers Squibb.
Atorvastatin (Lipitor): a LIPID-lowering drug.
Atovaquone (Mepron): an oral medication for mild
to moderate cases of PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII PNEUMONIA and,
in some cases, TOXOPLASMOSIS. Atovaquone should be used with caution
with RIFAMPIN, which can lower atovaquone blood levels.
Atrophy: a wasting or shrinking of cells, tissue,
organs or muscle.
Attenuated Virus: a weakened VIRUS strain that
can no longer infect or produce disease. An attenuated virus might
potentially be used as a VACCINE.
Atypia: an abnormality in the cells of the cervix
that can be discovered through a PAP SMEAR.
AUC: see AREA UNDER THE CURVE.
Autoimmune Disease: an ailment caused by an IMMUNE
RESPONSE against an individual's own tissues or cells.
Autologous: referring to a naturally occurring
substance derived from and used within the same individual. Compare
ENDOGENOUS.
Average: the result of adding several quantities
together and dividing the total by the number of quantities. For
example, the average of 10, 20, and 60 is 30 (10 + 20 + 60 = 90
divided by 3 is 30). Also called the mean. Compare MEDIAN.
Azidothymidine: see ZIDOVUDINE.
Azithromycin (Zithromax): an ANTIBIOTIC approved
for the prevention of MYCOBATERIUM AVIUM COMPLEX (MAC) as well
as treatment of CHLAMYDIA and bacterial infections of the skin
and respiratory tract. It may also have activity against TOXOPLASMOSIS
and CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS. SIDE EFFECTS include nausea, diarrhea, dizziness,
sensitivity to sunlight and vaginal CANDIDIASIS.
Azole: a member of a class of antifungal drugs
that includes FLUCONAZOLE and ITRACONAZOLE.
AZT: see ZIDOVUDINE.
B
B Cell (B Lymphocyte): a type of LYMPHOCYTE that
is a precursor to PLASMA cells. During infections, individual B
cell clones multiply and are transformed into plasma cells, which
produce large amounts of ANTIBODIES against a particular ANTIGEN
on a foreign MICROBE. This transformation mainly occurs through
interaction with the appropriate CD4 CELLS.
B Lymphocyte: see B CELL.
Bacteremia: the presence of BACTERIA in the blood.
Bacteria (singular: Bacterium): single-celled
organisms belonging to a primitive group of living things characterized
by a lack of certain cellular components found in more advanced
organisms.
Bacterial Vaginosis: a bacterial infection of
the vagina.
Bactrim: see TRIMETHOPRIM/SULFAMETHOXAZOLE.
Base Pairing: during genetic replication, the
process where nucleic acid bases pair with their complements (ADENINE
pairs with THYMINE or URACIL and CYTOSINE pairs with GUANINE).
Baseline: the initial time point in a CLINICAL
TRIAL or treatment REGIMEN, just before someone starts to receive
the treatment in question. At this reference point, measurable
values such as CD4 CELL COUNT and VIRAL LOAD are recorded so they
can be compared to later results. Safety and EFFICACY of a drug
are often determined by monitoring changes from the baseline values.
bDNA Assay: see BRANCHED DNA ASSAY.
Benzodiazepine: a class of psychoactive drugs
used to treat anxiety, insomnia or pain. Examples include alprazolam
(Xanax), diazepam (Valium) and clonazepam (Klonopin).
Beta Carotene: a compound that is converted to
VITAMIN A in the body. Beta carotene is a red-orange pigment found
in dark green and yellow fruits and vegetables. It is a nontoxic
source of vitamin A.
Beta-2 Microglobulin: a PROTEIN of the IMMUNE
SYSTEM found in the blood. Elevated blood levels of this protein
are associated with immune activation and are weakly predictive
of worsening of HIV infection.
BIA: see BIOELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE ANALYSIS.
Biaxin: see CLARITHROMYCIN.
Bicyclam: a class of compounds that affect HIV's
ability to bind to healthy cells. (See FUSION INHIBITOR.)
BID: abbreviation for bis in die, a
Latin phrase meaning twice a day. A drug prescribed this way should
be taken every twelve hours.
Bile: a fluid secreted from the liver into the
small intestine.
Bile Duct: a tract connecting the liver and small
intestine through which BILE flows.
Bilirubin: a red pigment occurring in liver BILE,
blood and urine. Bilirubin is the product of the breakdown of HEMOGLOBIN
in red blood cells. It is removed from the blood and processed
by the liver, which secretes it into the digestive tract via the
bile. An elevated level in blood SERUM can be an indication of
liver disease, drug-induced liver impairment or hemolysis (breakdown
of red blood cells). An increase in the unconjugated form of bilirubin
is a side effect of the HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR, ATAZANAVIR, and
is considered non-toxic.
Binding Site: an area where two protein molecules
join together. For example, CYTOKINES bind to CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS
and the GP120 PROTEIN of HIV binds to the CD4 CELL SURFACE RECEPTOR.
Bioavailability: the extent to which an oral
medication is absorbed in the digestive tract and reaches the bloodstream.
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA): a technique
for indirectly measuring body fat, BODY CELL MASS, extracellular
mass and extracellular fluid. Not as accurate as other measurements,
it has been used to monitor changes in body composition in people
with HIV.
Biopsy: the removal of a small piece of tissue
either surgically or with a small aspiration needle so it can be
microscopically examined to determine the type or extent of a particular
disease.
Bitter Melon (MAP-30): the fruit of a Chinese
vine related to the cucumber. MAP-30, which has shown some anti-HIV
activity in the test tube, can be extracted from bitter melon.
Little information about EFFICACY or proper use is available.
Bleomycin: a drug used to treat cancer that interferes
with the reproduction of cancerous cells. Bleomycin is used as
a treatment for KAPOSI'S SARCOMA (KS).
Blinded: a term used to describe a CONTROLLED
TRIAL where the participants do not know which ARM of the trial
they are in and precisely which study treatment they are receiving.
If researchers do not know either, the trial is DOUBLE-BLINDED.
Blood-Brain Barrier: the protective barrier that
restricts the passage of many substances from the blood to the
tissues of the brain. Not all drugs can cross this barrier.
Blood-Brain Penetration: the ability of a drug
or other substance to cross the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER.
Blood Plasma: see PLASMA.
Blood-Retina Barrier: the barrier that prevents
the passage of most substances from the blood to the RETINA, making
it difficult to treat eye disease with systematically administered
medicines, e.g., pills and intravenous infusions.
Blood Sugar: GLUCOSE in the blood.
Bloodwork: various laboratory tests that analyze
characteristics of the blood.
BLQ: see BELOW THE LIMIT OF QUANTIFICATION.
BMI: see BODY MASS INDEX.
Bodily Fluids: refers to liquids naturally produced
by the body such as urine, saliva and tears. The only bodily fluids
having a high risk for transmission of HIV are blood, semen, vaginal
secretions and breast milk.
Body Cell Mass: consists of cells in the muscles
and organs, as well as circulating cells. The body cell mass consumes
oxygen and produces carbon dioxide, and it is the compartment where
all metabolic activity occurs.
Body Composition: what makes up the body, e.g.,
fat, LEAN BODY MASS, water. Abnormal changes in body composition
with fat redistribution, generally referred to as LIPODYSTROPHY,
have been noted in people on ANTIRETROVIRAL medications. See also
WASTING SYNDROME.
Body Mass Index (BMI): an index used to relate
a person's weight and height. The BMI is a person's weight in kilograms
divided by height in meters squared. It correlates strongly with
total body fat content in adults.
Bone Marrow: soft tissue located in the cavities
of bones. It is the site of blood cell production.
Bone Marrow Suppression: a SIDE EFFECT of many
anticancer and ANTIVIRAL drugs, including AZT (ZIDOVUDINE). Bone
marrow suppression may lead to a decrease in red blood cells (ANEMIA),
white blood cells (LEUKOPENIA) or PLATELETS (THROMBOCYTOPENIA).
Such reductions, respectively, result in fatigue and weakness,
susceptibility to infections and spontaneous or excess bleeding.
Branched DNA (bDNA) Assay: a test developed by
the Chiron Corporation for measuring the amount of HIV (as well
as other VIRUSES) in blood PLASMA. The result of this test is also
known as the VIRAL LOAD. The test uses a signal amplification technique,
which creates a luminescent signal whose brightness depends on
the amount of viral RNA present. Test results are calibrated in
numbers of virus particle equivalents per milliliter of plasma
(copies/ml). The bDNA test returns a result about half that of
the POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) TEST, which uses a different
technique.
Bronchitis: a disease marked by INFLAMMATION
of the bronchial tubes in the lungs.
Bronchodilator: an inhalant that can reduce coughing,
wheezing and shortness of breath.
Bronchoscopy: a diagnostic examination in which
a fiber optic tube is inserted in the throat to enable a doctor
to see the trachea and the lungs. Bronchoscopy is often used to
detect PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII PNEUMONIA (PCP).
Bronchospasm: a contraction of the muscle of
the bronchi, often seen in asthma.
Buffalo Hump: see DORSAL FAT PAD
Buffered: refers to pills that include an antacid
to neutralizing stomach acid, which may help reduce stomach upset
or increase BIOAVAILABILITY of a drug.
Bupropion (Wellbutrin): an antidepressant that
is a weak blocker of serotonin and norepinephrine. A lower dose
formulation (Zyban) is used for cigarette smoking cessation. RITONAVIR
may increase blood levels of bupropion, requiring a lower dose
of the latter.
Burkitt's Lymphoma: a cancerous tumor, frequently
involving jaw bones, ovaries and abdominal LYMPH NODES. The disease
is common in Africa and has been associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS.
Buyers' Club: a nonprofit group formed to import
AIDS-related therapies that are available in other countries but
are not yet approved by the FDA for use in the United States. These
products may be sold abroad for purposes that are not related to
AIDS or HIV infection, and their use in HIV/AIDS remains speculative.
C
Cachexia: a general weight loss and wasting occurring
in the course of a CHRONIC disease.
CAF: see CELL ANTIVIRAL FACTOR
Calanolide A: a compound derived from a latex
tree that works as a NON-NUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR
(NNRTI) and shows some anti-HIV activity. Manufactured by Sarawak
MediChem Pharmaceuticals, it is currently in PHASE II CLINICAL
TRIALS.
Canarypox Virus: a VIRUS that does not cause
disease in humans and that is used in VACCINE research, including
HIV vaccine research.
Cancer: any MALIGNANT growth.
Candida: a group of yeast-like FUNGI, in particular
Candida albicans, that infect the mouth as well as other MUCOUS
MEMBRANES in the esophagus, intestines, vagina, throat, skin and
lungs. Oral or recurrent vaginal candida infection is an early
sign of IMMUNE SYSTEM deterioration, diabetes or steroid use.
Candidiasis: an infection due to CANDIDA yeast.
The symptoms of oral candidiasis (THRUSH) and vaginal candidiasis
(formerly called monilia) include pain, itching, redness and white
patches in their respective sites. Some common treatments are CLOTRIMAZOLE,
NYSTATIN and miconazole.
Canker Sore: see APHTHOUS ULCER.
Cannabinoids: components of cannabis, including
TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL (THC) (see CANNABIS).
Cannabis: a plant that contains TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL
(THC), an active ingredient in marijuana. Medical uses of cannabis,
or THC, include stimulation of appetite and reduction of nausea.
Capravirine (AG 1549): an experimental NON-NUCLEOSIDE
REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR from Agouron.
Capsid: a part of some VIRUSES that surrounds
their GENOME protecting it from the environment.
Carbohydrate: an ORGANIC MOLECULE made up solely
of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Carbohydrates may be made up of
only one or two components (mono- or di-saccharides, also called "sugars")
or be complex chains of individual units (polysaccharides or "starches").
Carcinogen: a substance or agent that can cause
the growth of cancer.
Carotenoids: a class of carotenes, such as BETA
CAROTENE.
Carrisyn: see ACEMANNAN.
Case-Controlled Study: a RETROSPECTIVE STUDY
that starts with the identification of people who have a disease
or condition (the cases) and those who do not (the controls). Researchers
then look for similarities and differences between the cases and
controls regarding the factor or factors under investigation.
CAT Scan: see COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY SCAN.
Catabolic: refers to metabolic processes that
break down tissue in the body.
Catalase: a naturally occurring ANTIOXIDANT enzyme.
Category A (FDA): a drug for which adequate and
well-controlled studies of pregnant women fail to demonstrate a
risk to the fetus during pregnancy.
Category B (FDA): a drug for which animal reproduction
studies fail to demonstrate a risk to the fetus although adequate
and well-controlled studies have not been conducted.
Category C (FDA): a drug for which safety in
human pregnancy has not been determined and animal studies are
either positive for fetal risk or have not been conducted. Pregnant
women should not use category C drugs unless the potential benefits
outweigh the potential risk to the fetus.
Category D (FDA): a drug for which there is positive
evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data from
investigational or marketing experiences. In certain cases, the
potential benefits from the use of this drug in pregnant women
may be acceptable despite its potential risks.
Category X (FDA): a drug for which studies in
animals or reports of adverse reactions in humans have indicated
that the risk associated with its use clearly outweighs any possible
benefit for a pregnant woman.
Catheter: a semi-permanent plastic or synthetic
tube, usually implanted in the chest or arm for a long term, used
for metered administration of a drug into the veins. See also HICKMAN
CATHETER® - (HICKMAN is a registered trademark
of C. R. Bard, Inc. and its related
company, BCR, Inc.) and PERIPHERALLY INSERTED CENTRAL CATHETER (PICC)
LINE.
CBC: see COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT.
CCR5: a seven-looped PROTEIN structure that normally
occurs on the surface of certain IMMUNE SYSTEM cells and acts as
a CHEMOKINE receptor site. After HIV binds to the cellular receptor
CD4, the R5-using strain must then bind to CCR5 before the virus
can enter the cell. People who lack CCR5 receptors seem to be very
resistant to HIV infection and, if infected, have a slow progression
to AIDS. Compare CXCR4.
CD4: one of the PROTEIN structures on the surface
of a human cell that allows HIV to attach, enter, and thus infect
the cell. CD4 molecules are present on CD4 CELLS (helper T lymphocytes),
MACROPHAGES and DENDRITIC CELLS, among others. Normally, CD4 acts
as an accessory molecule, forming part of larger structures (such
as the T CELL RECEPTOR) through which T cells and other cells signal
each other. In particular, it participates in the interaction between
CD4 cells and the MAJOR HISTOCOMPATABILITY COMPLEX class II molecules
on ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS.
CD4 Cell: a type of T lymphocyte involved in
protecting against viral, fungal and protozoal infections. The
CD4 cell modulates the IMMUNE RESPONSE to an infection through
a complex series of interactions with ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS
(MACROPHAGES, DENDRITIC CELLS and B CELLS) and those LYMPHOCYTES
that directly attack foreign ANTIGENS (B cells, again, and CD8
CELLS). CD4 cells are the primary target of HIV, and it is mainly
the destruction of CD4 cells that leads to the progression of HIV
disease. CD4 cells are also called helper T cells.
CD4 Cell Count: the most commonly used SURROGATE
MARKER for assessing the state of the IMMUNE SYSTEM. Also called
T4 cell count. As CD4 cell count declines, the risk of developing
OPPORTUNISTIC CONDITIONS increases. Normal CD4 cell counts are
greater than 800 per cubic millimeter of blood. According to the
CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL, a CD4 cell count below 200 is an AIDS-defining
condition.
CD4 Percent: the percentage of total LYMPHOCYTES
made up by CD4 CELLS. A common measure of immune status, CD4 percent
is about 40 percent in healthy individuals and can be below 20
percent in persons with AIDS.
CD4 Receptor: see CD4.
CD4/CD8 Ratio: the ratio of CD4 CELLS to CD8
CELLS. A common measure of IMMUNE SYSTEM status, the ratio is around
1.5 to 2.0 CD4 cells to 1.0 CD8 cell in healthy individuals and
falls as CD4 CELL COUNTS fall in persons with HIV infection.
CD8 Cell: a type of T CELL that bears the RECEPTOR
for CD8 on its surface. The CD8 receptor helps cells interact with
the ANTIGEN-presenting MAJOR HISTOCOMPATABILITY COMPLEX class I
molecules on other cells. Some CD8 cells -which are called CYTOTOXIC
T LYMPHOCYTES - recognize and kill cancerous cells and those infected
by intracellular PATHOGENS (some BACTERIA, VIRUSES and MYCOPLASMA).
Other CD8 cells are known as suppressor cells.
CDC: see CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL.
Cell Antiviral Factor (CAF): a so-far unidentified
soluble substance that is secreted by activated CD8 CELLS and that
inhibits HIV replication within cells. CAF activity seems to be
high in LONG-TERM NONPROGRESSORS but low in patients who have rapid
disease progression.
Cell Lines: specific cell types bred in the laboratory
for use in scientific experimentation.
Cell-Mediated Immunity (CMI): one type of IMMUNE
SYSTEM response, coordinated by Th1 cells, in which disease is
controlled by specific defense cells (CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTES)
that kill infected cells. See TH1 RESPONSE.
Cell Surface Receptor: a molecule on a cell's
surface that binds with various substances, causing changes in
the activity of the cell. See also RECEPTOR.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): the
federal public health agency serving as the center for preventing,
tracking, controlling and investigating the EPIDEMIOLOGY of AIDS
and other diseases.
Central Nervous System (CNS): the brain, spinal
cord and the protective membranes (MENINGES) surrounding them.
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF): fluid that bathes
the brain and the spinal cord. A sample of this fluid is often
removed from the body for diagnostic purposes by a LUMBAR PUNCTURE
(spinal tap).
Cervical Dysplasia: changes in the lining cells
of the CERVIX that may progress to cancer if not treated in time.
It is caused by HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV). Cervical dysplasia
is detected through a PAP SMEAR.
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia: see CERVICAL
DYSPLASIA.
Cervicovaginal Lavage (CVL): a technique in which
a saline solution is sprayed into the vaginal vault and recovered
for testing. CVL can be used to determine HIV VIRAL LOAD in genital
tract secretions.
Cervix: the lower, cylindrical terminus of the
uterus that juts into the vagina and contains a narrow canal connecting
the upper and lower parts of a woman's reproductive tract.
Chancroid: a highly contagious sexually transmitted
disease caused by the Hemophilus ducreyi BACTERIUM. It appears
as a pimple, chancre, sore or ulcer on the skin of the genitals.
The lesion arises after an incubation period of three to five days
and may facilitate the transmission of HIV. Usually treated with
ERYTHROMYCIN or ceftriaxone.
Chart Review: a retrospective way of collecting
data that involves examining patients' medical records.
Chemokine: a soluble chemical messenger that
attracts white blood cells to a site of infection. There are two
structural categories of chemokines: alpha (CXC) and beta
(CC). Examples of chemokines that interfere with HIV activity are
the beta chemokines MACROPHAGE INFLAMMATORY PROTEIN-1a, MACROPHAGE
INFLAMMATORY PROTEIN-1b, and RANTES (REGULATED-UPON-ACTIVATION,
NORMAL T-EXPRESSED AND SECRETED) and the alpha chemokine STROMAL
CELL-DERIVED FACTOR-1.
Chemotaxis: the migration of cells along a chemokine
gradient toward its source; a response to the chemical stimulus
of a chemoattractant.
Chemotherapy: the use of chemical agents (drugs)
in the treatment of a disease. The term commonly, but not always,
refers to cancer treatment.
Chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis): the most common
sexually transmitted BACTERIUM infecting the reproductive system.
The infection is frequently ASYMPTOMATIC, but, if left untreated,
it can cause sterility in women.
Cholestasis: obstruction of BILE within the BILE
DUCT.
Cholesterol: a STEROID found in the tissues and
blood PLASMA. Cholesterol circulates in the blood along with a
PROTEIN (LIPOPROTEIN). LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (LDLs) take cholesterol
from the liver to body tissues while HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS
(HDLs) take cholesterol from the blood to be excreted. High levels
of LDLs and/or low levels of HDLs are associated with heart disease
and ARTERIOSCLEROSIS.
Chromosome: the thread-like structures in the
nucleus (center) of a cell that carry genetic information. Each
chromosome contains a double strand of twisted DNA. Along each
strand of DNA lie the GENES.
Chronic: refers to symptoms and diseases that
last for an extended period of time without noticeable change.
Cidofovir (Vistide): a NUCLEOTIDE ANALOG. Cidofovir
is approved as systemic treatment for new or relapsing CYTOMEGALOVIRUS
(CMV) RETINITIS. Its primary advantage over GANCICLOVIR and FOSCARNET
is that cidofovir is administered intravenously on a weekly or
a biweekly basis instead of daily, eliminating the need for an
in-dwelling CATHETER. The chief SIDE EFFECT of intravenous administration
is kidney damage, which can be very severe. To protect the kidneys,
cidofovir must be administered with PROBENECID and INTRAVENOUS
hydration. Cidofovir should not be used at the same time as other
drugs that are toxic to the kidneys or in patients with impaired
kidney function. Cidofovir is being tested for activity against
KAPOSI'S SARCOMA (KS) and PROGRESSIVE MULTIFOCAL LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY
(PML).
Cimetidine (Tagamet): an antiulcer drug that
blocks histamine, a substance secreted by MAST CELLS that causes
the symptoms of allergy. Cimetidine has been proposed as an IMMUNE-BASED
THERAPY for HIV infection.
Cipro: see CIPROFLOXACIN.
Ciprofloxacin (Cipro): an oral ANTIBIOTIC approved
for the treatment of many common bacterial and urinary infections.
It is sometimes administered to treat MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM COMPLEX
(MAC) in combination with other drugs. Possible SIDE EFFECTS include
gastrointestinal upset, seizures and rash.
Cirrhosis: a liver disease that results in FIBROSIS
and nodule formation. It can also cause gastrointestinal problems,
JAUNDICE and EDEMA. Although irreversible and a common cause of
death, cirrhosis can be controlled with VITAMINS, diuretics and
beta blockers. Cirrhosis can be caused by alcoholism, HEPATITIS
and an obstruction in BILE flow.
Clade: one of the major, largely geographically
isolated, HIV subtypes. Classification is based on differences
in ENVELOPE PROTEIN. Clade B makes up the overwhelming majority
of HIV in North America and Europe.
Clarithromycin (Biaxin): an ANTIBIOTIC approved
for the prevention and treatment of MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM COMPLEX
(MAC) and also used for preventing this disease in people with
AIDS. SIDE EFFECTS include diarrhea, nausea and abnormal taste.
Clarithromycin may cause severe abdominal pain at high doses.
Clearance: the removal of something, often from
the blood (e.g., through the kidneys).
Cleocin: see CLINDAMYCIN.
Clindamycin (Cleocin): an approved ANTIBIOTIC
that may be an alternative treatment for PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII PNEUMONIA
(PCP) and (usually with PYRIMETHAMINE) TOXOPLASMOSIS. The most
common SIDE EFFECT is diarrhea, which is caused by an overgrowth
of an intestinal BACTERIUM called Clostridium difficile during
clindamycin therapy.
Clinical: refers to physical signs and symptoms
directly observable in the human body.
Clinical Endpoint: a predefined outcome (e.g.,
clinical improvement) in a CLINICAL TRIAL that signals a study
result for a particular patient.
Clinical Trial: a study done to test an EXPERIMENTAL
DRUG or procedure in human beings to see whether it is safe and
effective, as well as to determine its proper dose.
Clotrimazole (Lotrimin, Mycelex): an approved
antifungal drug used as a TOPICAL agent for oral and vaginal CANDIDIASIS.
Cmax: the maximum concentration of a drug in
the body after dosing. Cmax is often associated with SIDE EFFECTS.
See also PEAK LEVEL.
CMI: see CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY.
Cmin: the lowest concentration of a drug after
dosing. See also TROUGH LEVEL.
CMV: see CYTOMEGALOVIRUS.
CNS: see CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Coat: see ENVELOPE.
Codon: a three-NUCLEOTIDE genetic subunit that
determines which AMINO ACID is placed in sequence in a PROTEIN
chain. Mutations at specific HIV codons are associated with changes
in the amino acid sequence of HIV's proteins and ENZYMES. Such
MUTATIONS help HIV evade the effects of ANTIVIRAL drugs or specific
IMMUNE RESPONSES.
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10): a substance that assists
in the OXIDATION of nutrients within cells to create energy. It
is also highly efficient at protecting internal and external cell
membranes against oxidation and is sometimes proposed as a COMPLEMENTARY
MEDICINE to combat AIDS-related conditions.
Cofactor: any agent or characteristic that enhances
or activates disease progression.
Coformulation: the packaging of more than one
drug into a single pill.
Cohort: a group of individuals with some characteristics
in common that is the subject of a study of the EPIDEMIOLOGY or
natural course of a disease.
Colitis: INFLAMMATION of the colon, a condition
that causes abdominal pain and diarrhea.
Colony-Stimulating Factor (CSF): a PROTEIN found
in SERUM that promotes differentiation of MONOCYTES. See GRANULOCYTE
COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR (G-CSF) and GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE COLONY
STIMULATING FACTOR (GM-CSF).
Colposcopy: a procedure in which the surface
of the uterine CERVIX is examined through a low-powered microscope
for signs of CERVICAL DYSPLASIA or cancer. Colposcopy is a more
accurate alternative to PAP SMEARS, but requires considerably more
skill to perform.
Combination Therapy: using at least two drugs
simultaneously to more effectively combat a disease. See HIGHLY
ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY (HAART).
Combivir: The GlaxoSmithKline trade name for
a pill that contains both ZIDOVUDINE (AZT) and LAMIVUDINE (3TC).
Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS (CPCRA): a
branch of the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH'S Division of AIDS
that supports CLINICAL TRIALS based on local networks of practicing
physicians. These physicians collect data on their patients who
are participating in a treatment trial.
Comorbidity: the coexistence of two or more diseases
or conditions.
Compassionate Use: a process for providing EXPERIMENTAL
DRUGS on an individual basis to very sick patients who have no
treatment options, despite the fact that there is no sufficient
data on the drug's effectiveness. Often, case-by-case approval
must be obtained from the FDA for compassionate use of a drug.
See also EXPANDED ACCESS PROGRAM, PARALLEL TRACK and TREATMENT
INVESTIGATIONAL NEW DRUG.
Compazine: see PROCHLORPERAZINE.
Complementary Medicine: health care provided
in addition to, or instead of, standard medical practice. See also
ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE.
Complete Blood Count (CBC): a screening of the
most important cellular components of the blood. A CBC includes
the total white blood (LEUKOCYTE) count, counts of specific types
of white blood cells, red blood cell count, HEMOGLOBIN level and
PLATELET count.
Compliance: see ADHERENCE.
Compound Q (GLQ223): an extract of a Chinese
wild cucumber. It is used in China to induce abortions and treat
respiratory viruses. In this country, compound Q has been tested
and used in the community as an anti-HIV treatment, but is now
largely out of favor. Possible SIDE EFFECTS of this INTRAVENOUS
medication include anaphylactic reactions (see ANAPHYLAXIS) and
seizures.
Computed Tomography Scan (CT Scan): a form of
x-ray examination that utilizes a special beam to produce a detailed
series of images of body sections. A CT scan is also referred to
as a CAT (computed axial tomography) scan.
Consensus interferon (CIFN): a novel, recombinant
type 1 intereron containing 166 amino acids. CIFN was derived by
scanning the sequences of several natural alpha interferons and
assigning the most frequently observed amino acid in each corresponding
position. CIFN, when compared on an equal mass basis with interferon
(IFN) alfa-2a and alfa-2b in in vitro assays, typically displays
5-10 times higher biological activity.
Condyloma Acuminatum: a projecting warty growth
on the external genitals or the anus caused by infection with the
HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV). It is usually a benign or non-cancerous
growth. Condyloma acuminatum is also referred to as genital warts
or verruca acuminata.
Confide: see HOME-BASED HIV TESTING KITS.
Confounding Factor: a variable that differs between
the treatment and control groups in a study that could affect the
results.
Conjunctivitis: an INFLAMMATION of the conjunctiva,
which constitutes the thin protective membrane on the inner surface
of the eyelids.
Contraindication: a condition or circumstance
that prevents prescribing a certain treatment to an individual
patient.
Control Arm: the group of participants in a CLINICAL
TRIAL that receives a standard treatment and/or a PLACEBO. Those
receiving the experimental treatment are compared to the control
arm.
Controlled Trial: a clinical study in which one
group of participants receives an EXPERIMENTAL DRUG while another
group receives either a PLACEBO or an approved standard therapy.
When participants do not know which group they are in, the trial
is BLINDED. When the researchers are kept from knowing, too, then
the trial is DOUBLE-BLINDED.
CoQ10: see COENZYME Q10.
Correlation: the statistical strength of association
between two variables.
Cortex: the outer portion of an organ.
Corticosteroid: any STEROID HORMONE obtained
from the CORTEX or outer portion of the ADRENAL GLAND or any synthetic
substitute for such a steroid. Corticosteroids are immunosuppressive
and include prednisone, corticosterone, cortisone and aldosterone.
Cortisol: a naturally occurring STEROID, secreted
by the ADRENAL GLAND that affects the METABOLISM of GLUCOSE, PROTEINS
and fat.
CPCRA: see COMMUNITY PROGRAMS FOR CLINICAL RESEARCH
ON AIDS.
Creatinine: the product of the breakdown of creatine,
an important molecule involved in energy transfer within muscle
cells. The level of creatinine in the blood and urine provides
a measure of kidney function.
Crix Belly: the accumulation of fat in the lower
abdomen. So-called because it was first noted in association with
Crixivan (INDINAVIR), although other ANTIRETROVIRALS or HIV disease
itself could also be involved. See LIPODYSTROPHY.
Crixivan: see INDINAVIR.
Cross-Resistance: the phenomenon in which a MICROBE
that has acquired RESISTANCE to one drug to which it has not been
exposed through direct exposure to one or more other drugs. Cross-resistance
arises because the site of activity of several drugs is the same,
resulting in identical genetic resistance MUTATIONS.
Cross-Sectional Study: a study that examines
and analyses predefined variables at a fixed time or over a short
period, as opposed to a LONGITUDINAL STUDY that observes patients
over time.
Cryotherapy: the use of liquid nitrogen to freeze
and destroy a lesion or growth, sometimes used to induce scar formation
and healing to prevent further spread of a condition (for example,
warts or MOLLUSCUM CONTAGIOSUM).
Cryptococcal Meningitis: an OPPORTUNISTIC CONDITION
caused by the FUNGUS Cryptococcus neoformans and involving the
membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Symptoms may include
severe headache, confusion, sensitivity to light, blurred vision,
fever and speech difficulties. Left untreated, the disease can
lead to coma and death. Standard treatments are AMPHOTERICIN B
(as INDUCTION THERAPY) and FLUCONAZOLE (as MAINTENANCE THERAPY).
Cryptococcus: a FUNGUS that is usually harmless,
but can cause MENINGITIS in people with AIDS. It is found in pigeon
droppings.
Cryptosporidiosis: an OPPORTUNISTIC CONDITION
caused by the intestinal parasite Cryptosporidium parvum,
a very common parasite in animals. Transmission occurs through
ingestion of food or water contaminated with animal feces (this
can include tap water, some bottled waters and water from lakes
and ponds). The parasite grows in the intestines and BILE DUCTS
and causes severe, CHRONIC diarrhea, especially in people with
AIDS. There are no standard treatments, but HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL
THERAPY (HAART) and PAROMOMYCIN can be effective.
CSF: see CEREBROSPINAL FLUID or COLONY-STIMULATING
FACTOR.
CT Scan: see COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY SCAN.
CTL: see CYTOTOXIC T LYMPOCYTE.
Culture: the process of growing BACTERIA or other
cells in a special laboratory medium.
Curcumin: an ingredient of the spice turmeric.
Laboratory studies have suggested that curcumin inhibits HIV replication
by blocking the LONG TERMINAL REPEAT region on HIV's GENES, but
a 1996 CLINICAL TRIAL found no ANTIVIRAL effect.
Cutaneous: relating to the skin.
CVL: see CERVICOVAGINAL LAVAGE.
CXCR4: a seven-looped PROTEIN structure that
normally occurs on the surface of certain IMMUNE SYSTEM cells and
acts as a CHEMOKINE receptor site. After HIV binds to the cellular
receptor CD4, the X4-using strain must then bind to CXCR4 before
the virus can enter the cell. Compare CCR5.
Cyclobut G: see LOBUCAVIR.
CYP: see CYTOCHROME P450.
Cysteine: an AMINO ACID.
Cytidine: a NUCLEOSIDE of CYTOSINE. LAMIVUDINE
(3TC) and DIDEOXYCYTIDINE (ddC) are analogs of cytidine.
Cytochrome P450 (CYP): a family of ENZYMES in
the liver that metabolizes drugs and other fat-soluble substances.
Certain medications, e.g., RITONAVIR, inhibit some of the P450
enzymes, in particular P450 3A4 (also called CYP3A4), affecting
the liver's ability to break down other drugs. Inhibiting this
enzyme will increase blood levels of medications that it normally
metabolizes and dose adjustments may be necessary in order to prevent
SIDE EFFECTS or overdosing. Conversely, NEVIRAPINE and EFAVIRENZ
are examples of drugs that stimulate CYP3A4 causing reduced blood
levels of drugs metabolized by the enzyme.
Cytokine: one of the PROTEINS produced by white
blood cells (LEUKOCYTES) that act as chemical messengers between
cells. Cytokines can stimulate or inhibit the growth and activity
of various immune cells. Examples of cytokines are the various
INTERLEUKINS and TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA.
Cytomegalovirus (CMV): a HERPES VIRUS infection
that causes serious illness in people with AIDS. CMV can develop
in any part of the body but most often appears in the RETINA of
the eye, the nervous system, the colon or the esophagus.
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Polyradiculopathy: CMV
infection of the spinal roots (the bundles of nerves coming out
of the spinal cord), leading to generalized weakness and paralysis.
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Retinitis: CMV infection
of the RETINA. The lesions it causes lead to deterioration in vision
and ultimately blindness if untreated.
Cytosine: one of the four bases that makes up
RNA (which also includes ADENINE, GUANINE and URACIL) and DNA (which
also includes adenine, guanine and THYMINE). See also CYTIDINE.
Cytostatic: able to stop the growth of cells.
Cytotoxic: able to kill cells.
Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte (CTL): a type of CD8 or,
less often, CD4 lymphocyte that kills diseased cells infected by
a specific VIRUS or other intracellular MICROBE. CTLs interact
with ANTIGEN bearing MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX (MHC) class
I molecules on infected cells and have the prime role in CELL-MEDIATED
IMMUNITY.
Cytovene: see GANCICLOVIR.
D
d4T: see STAVUDINE.
dAPD: see AMDOXOVIR
Dapsone: an antileprosy drug used in the treatment
and prophylaxis of PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII PNEUMONIA (PCP)
and other diseases. Possible SIDE EFFECTS include skin rash, fever,
gastrointestinal upset and destruction of red blood cells. Patients
should avoid taking dapsone with buffered DIDANOSINE (ddI) or take
it two hours before taking buffered ddI since the buffer reduces
intestinal absorption of dapsone.
Daraprim: see PYRIMETHAMINE.
Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB): an independent
panel of clinical research experts responsible for the ongoing
review and, when necessary, modification or termination of a CLINICAL
TRIAL to insure the safety of participants.
Daunorubicin: a drug used to treat leukemia and
a BONE MARROW suppressant. See also DAUNOXOME.
DaunoXome: a CYTOTOXIC CHEMOTHERAPY approved
for FIRST-LINE TREATMENT for advanced KAPOSI'S SARCOMA. It consists
of a preparation of DAUNORUBICIN encapsulated in LIPOSOMES, which
increases the drug's stability while moderating its TOXICITIES.
DaunoXome's main SIDE EFFECT is NEUTROPENIA, which can be managed
with GRANULOCYTE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR (G-CSF, Neupogen).
DAVG: see TIME-AVERAGED DIFFERENCE.
ddC: see DIDEOXYCYTIDINE.
ddI: see DIDANOSINE.
"d" drug: any of the NUCLEOSIDE ANALOGS
ddI, d4T or ddC.
Deca Durabolin: see NANDRALONE DECANOATE.
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA): a HORMONE produced
by the ADRENAL GLAND. Levels of DHEA are often low in people with
HIV. Its biological role in the body is unclear. Some of it is
converted into TESTOSTERONE and other androgenic STEROIDS. There
have been anecdotal reports of the benefits of DHEA for a variety
of conditions, but there is little hard evidence to support these
claims. DHEA is readily available through BUYERS' CLUBS and health
food stores.
Delavirdine (Rescriptor): a NON-NUCLEOSIDE REVERSE
TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR (NNRTI) from Agouron/Pfizer. SIDE EFFECTS
include temporary skin rash in 20 percent of patients and, less
frequently, nausea, headache, fatigue and diarrhea.
Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH): a cell-mediated
immune reaction (see CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY) to certain foreign
ANTIGENS applied on the surface or just under the skin. The reaction,
consisting of a red bump or induration (hardening), takes 24 to
48 hours to develop. DTH, which is the process involved in the
reaction to poison ivy and poison oak as well as to the TUBERCULOSIS
skin test, is often used in tests of IMMUNE SYSTEM competence.
Dementia: see AIDS DEMENTIA COMPLEX.
Demographics: the statistical characteristics
(e.g., age, income, vital statistics) of human populations.
Dendritic Cells: immune cells with long, tentacle-like
branches called dendrites. Among the dendritic cells are the LANGERHANS
CELLS of the skin and FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS in the LYMPH NODES.
Most dendritic cells (other than follicular dendritic cells) function
as ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA): a double-stranded
molecule that makes up the CHROMOSOMES in the center of a cell
and that carries genetic information in the form of GENES. The
genetic code utilized by DNA resides in the varying sequences of
the four NUCLEOTIDE bases: ADENINE, GUANINE, THYMINE and
CYTOSINE.
Depression: a CHRONIC or recurrent mental state
characterized by hopelessness and lack of motivation and energy.
Other major symptoms include loss of appetite and either excessive
or inadequate sleep.
Dermatitis: INFLAMMATION of the skin.
Desensitization: gradually increasing the dose
of a medicine in order to overcome potentially severe allergic
reactions. Desensitization procedures are sometimes used when administering
TRIMETHOPRIM/SULFAMETHOXAZOLE (Bactrim) for the first time to avoid
a fever or skin reaction.
DEXA: see DUAL-ENERGY X-RAY ABSORBTIOMETRY.
DHEA: see DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE.
Dialysis: the separation of smaller molecules
from larger molecules. Hemodialysis is a purification of the blood
of persons whose kidneys no longer function.
Didanosine (ddI, Videx): a NUCLEOSIDE ANALOG
from Bristol-Myers Squibb that inhibits infection of new cells
by HIV. SIDE EFFECTS can include nerve damage in the hands and
feet (PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY) and damage to the pancreas (PANCREATITIS).
Using ddI in combination with other drugs (including alcohol and
DIDEOXYCYTIDINE [ddC]) can increase the risk of side effects. ddI
must be taken on an empty stomach.
Dideoxycytidine (ddC, Zalcitabine, Hivid): a
NUCLEOSIDE ANALOG from Hoffman La-Roche that inhibits infection
of new cells by HIV. Possible SIDE EFFECTS include nerve damage
in the hands and feet (PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY) and sores in the
mouth. The combination of ddI (DIDANOSINE) and ddC significantly
increases the risk of peripheral neuropathy.
Didox: a RIBONUCLEOTIDE REDUCTASE inhibitor,
similar to HYDROXYUREA.
Diflucan: see FLUCONAZOLE.
Distal: further from the center of the body or
from a central reference point.
DNA: see DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID.
Dorsal: relating to or located on or near the
back.
Dorsal Fat Pad (Buffalo Hump): an enlargement
at the lower, back-of-the-neck and shoulder region consisting of
fat tissue. A form of fat redistribution associated with the use
of ANTIRETROVIRALS. While it can be uncomfortable and unappealing,
a dorsal fat pad is not a serious condition. Sometimes surgery
or LIPOSUCTION can successfully remove a fat pad.
Dose-Escalating: describes a preliminary CLINICAL
TRIAL in which the amount of a drug is either periodically increased
or increased with each new trial ARM that is added. Used to determine
how well a drug is tolerated in people and what its optimum dose
might be, given the observed balance between ACTIVITY and SIDE
EFFECTS.
Dose-Ranging: see DOSE-ESCALATING.
Double-Blinded: denotes a CLINICAL TRIAL in which
neither the participants nor the doctors know who is receiving
the EXPERIMENTAL DRUG and who is receiving the PLACEBO or standard
comparison treatments. This method is believed to achieve the most
accurate, generalizable results because neither the doctors nor
the patients can affect the observed results with their psychological
biases.
Down-Regulation: a reduction in the rate at which
something happens.
Doxil (DOX-SL): a CYTOTOXIC CHEMOTHERAPY approved
for KAPOSI'S SARCOMA (KS) consisting of a preparation of DOXORUBICIN
encapsulated in LIPOSOMES which deliver significantly greater quantities
of doxorubicin to the KS lesions while reducing the drug's SIDE
EFFECTS. Side effects include nausea, vomiting, STOMATITIS, diarrhea
and hair loss. Doxil causes a significant amount of NEUTROPENIA,
which can be managed with GRANULOCYTE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR
(G-CSF).
Doxorubicin (Adriamycin): an INTRAVENOUS drug
used in CHEMOTHERAPY for the treatment of cancer.
DOX-SL: see DOXIL.
Dronabinol (Marinol): a drug containing synthetic
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive ingredient in CANNABIS.
It is used to stimulate appetite and reduce nausea and vomiting
from CHEMOTHERAPY.
Drug-Drug Interaction: the effects that may occur
when two or more drugs are used together. Such effects include
changes of absorption in the digestive tract, changes in rate of
the drugs' breakdown in the liver, new or enhanced SIDE EFFECTS
and changes in the drugs' ACTIVITY.
Drug Holiday: an intentional, temporary suspension
of drug therapy. This term is now generally distinguished from
a STRUCTURED TREATMENT INTERRUPTION.
Drug Resistance: see RESISTANCE.
Drug Resistance Assay: a test used to help determine
whether a virus, like HIV, is susceptible to certain drugs. See
also RESISTANCE, GENOTYPIC ASSAY, PHENOTYPIC ASSAY.
Drug Resistance Mutation: a MUTATION in a PATHOGEN's
genetic makeup that confers RESISTANCE to one or more drugs.
DSMB: see DATA AND SAFETY MONITORING BOARD.
DTH: see DELAYED-TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY.
Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorbtiometry (DEXA): a type
of body scan that creates a computer-generated image of the body.
It is used to assess bone status and fat distribution.
Dyspepsia: digestive upset, which may include
flatulence, heartburn, nausea or vomiting.
Dysphagia: difficulty in swallowing.
Dysplasia: abnormal changes or growth of cells
and tissues. See CERVICAL DYSPLASIA.
Dyspnea: shortness of breath or difficulty in
breathing.
Dysthymia: a mood disorder.
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